Various subdomain enumeration techniques are used to identify the attack surface of a domain or organisation.
The aim is to obtain as complete a list as possible of all the subdomains associated with the targeted domain.

At Vaadata, we carry out this type of enumeration almost systematically during our audits. This is done as part of a global reconnaissance phase, in order to provide our clients with an overview of the subdomains and servers exposed.

Kerberos is an authentication protocol used in a Microsoft Active Directory context. The lack of knowledge about how it works can lead to the introduction of vulnerabilities that can be exploited by an attacker.

In this article, we will explain the principle and operation of the Kerberos authentication protocol.

Command injections are one of the most critical vulnerabilities in web security. They occur when an attacker manages to execute arbitrary system commands on the web server. This type of attack can result in the leakage of sensitive data, data corruption or complete control of the target environment.

In this article, we explore the principles and methods of command injection exploitation. We also present the security best practices and measures to implement to prevent these attacks.

Pre-Account Takeover is a type of attack that we very often carry out during our audits. Although it is only possible in very specific situations, the possibilities for malicious exploitation are becoming increasingly common, with potentially serious consequences for data security.

In this article, we present how a Pre-Account Takeover attack works. We will also look at the specifics of the attack, using a concrete example, as well as security best practices for countering the risk.

Security vulnerabilities are a major risk for modern web applications, potentially exposing sensitive user data and corporate infrastructures to malicious attacks.

One of the most feared vulnerabilities is Remote File Inclusion (RFI). This attack technique enables an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code hosted on a remote server.

Prototype pollution vulnerabilities are specific to JavaScript. They can be exploited on both the server and client sides. These vulnerabilities allow attackers to execute malicious code or steal data.

It is therefore crucial to understand and address these vulnerabilities. This article details the principles of prototype pollution vulnerabilities, server-side and client-side exploits, as well as the measures to implement to counter these attacks.

Account takeover is a common practice that threatens the security of users and their data. The impact on victims depends on the type of account targeted. It can be minor if it’s a customer loyalty account but becomes critical for a corporate administrator account.

Attacks use a variety of techniques, often based on large-scale campaigns to steal as many credentials as possible. However, there are also application vulnerabilities enabling more targeted account takeover. The presence of these vulnerabilities represents a major risk for companies, especially if an administrator account is compromised.

In an office environment, user workstations generally use Windows operating systems and therefore authenticate using protocols developed by Microsoft.

And to centralise authentication management, Microsoft provides its Active Directory (AD), which is based on the Kerberos protocol. However, some machines do not implement this protocol and some networks simply do not have an Active Directory. In these cases, there is the NTLM protocol, which can work between two machines without AD or via the Netlogon process.